Bavaria, Charles Theodore, 1777-1799, Conventionsthaler 1786, PCGS AU58

For the electoral line Palatinate-Sulzbach

Historical

Karl Philipp Theodor ( *1724; † 1799)

He had been Count Palatine and Elector Palatine as well as Duke of Jülich-Berg since 31 December 1742 as Charles IV.
From 30 December 1777 he was also Elector of Bavaria as Charles II and the penultimate Palatine-Bavarian Elector.

His reign had enormous significance for the cultural, economic and infrastructural development of southern Germany in the second half of the 18th century.

In the spirit of the Enlightenment, he carried out numerous reforms and acted as a patron of the arts. Famous contemporaries with whom Karl Philipp Theodor surrounded himself included the French philosopher and writer Voltaire, who performed several plays at his court.

Music
The Elector was regarded as an extremely enlightened sovereign, praised for his intellectual curiosity and tolerance, his education and his taste in art. He promoted science and art far beyond the usual measure. For example, he had Johann Stamitz reform the court orchestra as "instrumental music director".
It became an elite ensemble that brought together outstanding instrumentalists and excellent singers from all over Europe. The Elector's court orchestra thus became a pioneer of European classical music and was known worldwide as the "Mannheim School".

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gave several concerts here at court from 1777 and was music teacher to the princely children.

Science
In 1763, Karl Theodor founded the Mannheim Academy of Sciences, which included the classes of history and natural sciences, and in Düsseldorf the Collegium Anatomico-Chirurgicum. In 1780, the Societas Meteorologica Palatina followed as the third class of the Academy; this was the first internationally active meteorological society.

Art
He revolutionised the art scene, among other things. He revolutionised the art scene, for example, at Mannheim Palace, where he established a cabinet of copperplate engravings and drawings, which later became the Munich State Collection of Prints and Drawings. In 1769 the Mannheim Academy of Drawing opened with its famous Hall of Antiquities.

Today, Elector Karl Theodor is one of the most outstanding German patrons of the general sciences as well as the music and art scene worldwide. 

Saxony, Frederick Augustus I., 1806-1827, Conventionsthaler 1808

Württemberg, Wilhelm I., 1816-1864, 1/2 Gulden 1844

Saxe-Altenburg, Ernest, 1853-1908, 2 Mark 1901

Oldenburg, Nicholas Frederick Peter, 1853-1900, 2 Mark 1891

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Friedrich Franz IV., 1897-1918, 2 Mark 1901

Historical

Frederick Francis IV.
(* 9 April 1882 in Palermo; † 17 November 1945 in Flensburg)

He was the last Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and the last reigning monarch in Mecklenburg.

He reigned after the death of his father in 1897 (until 1901 under the guardianship of his uncle Duke Johann Albrecht) until 14 November 1918. 

Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Ernst August, 1913-1918, 3 Mark 1915

Historical 

Ernst August von Hannover Duke of Brunswick, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Prince of Hanover. He was the last reigning Duke of the Duchy of Brunswick and the last reigning monarch of the House of Hanover from 1 November 1913 until his abdication on 8 November 1918.

On 24 May 1913 Ernst August married Princess Viktoria Luise, the only daughter of the Prussian King and German Emperor Wilhelm II. The marriage healed the decades-old rift between the houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover. It was also the last major meeting of European sovereigns (many of whom were descended from Queen Victoria or King Christian IX) before the outbreak of the World War.